2009年4月11日星期六
怎么预测经济变量?
美国经济学家怎么看到两级分化?
More on Income Levels and Tax Rates
This is, of course, the reverse of the C.B.O.’s findings for federal tax rates, which are progressive. State and local taxes tend to be more regressive if they rely more heavily on sales and excise taxes, do not have a broad-based personal income tax, or have a personal income tax that is structured in a less progressive way (e.g., a flat-rate income tax).
On a related note, Lane Kenworthy, a sociology and political scienceprofessor at the University of Arizona, recently re-examined 2004 data on tax distributions from the Tax Foundation, a research group that promotes lower tax rates.
Remember how I mentioned that the best way to calculate effective tax rates is in dispute? Well Professor Kenworthy found that whether effective tax rates are progressive depends on how you measure income levels.
If you measure the taxes-to-income ratio by including only market income — i.e., “income from employment, investments, and a few other sources, butnot including government transfers” — then the tax system looks flat.
But if you include government transfers in the income total, then the systemdoes indeed become very progressive. He concludes, “Redistribution isachieved mainly by government transfers rather than by taxes.”
资本主义国家怎样处理两级分化
2009年4月10日星期五
试错法
capital structure
何时来金融危机?
2009年4月8日星期三
如果你觉得思考问题么意思
Walter Eucken
Why Germany Prefers Regulation to Stimulus
2009年4月7日星期二
胡庆余堂
一、中国人看病真的贵吗?在经济学家看来,一个市场里是不可能有贵的东西的,只有价值不同的东西而已,因为有效市场会把利润逼为零,或者逼到满意的利润水平。所谓的“塞红包”、“拿回扣”这些现象既然存在,说明看病的人在特别的环境下接受了交易,你说这是抢也行,但是他们为什么能够抢呢?我们要把这个给去掉。街头小混混他能抢,一个是因为被抢人不够tough,一个是因为警察不做事,一个是因为小混混自身的原因;从这三方面着手,一个是国民增强体格,一个是警察被人民监督,一个是小混混有正常发展的机会。他们居然能够拿回扣,也是三个原因,一个是因为看病的人心急,对“产品、服务”不认识,你说信息不对称也行,一个是因为卫生部门没被人监督,一个是因为他们觉得赚得不够。
中共中央国务院关于深化医改意见(全文)
我是一名三甲医院院长。新的医改方案千呼万唤出台了,效果如何?还要看实施情况。估计有些方面会进步变化,但看病贵等问题的解决不会令社会满意。几乎所有院长们首先是考虑 本院的利益问题。政策不管如何变,院长的首要任务不能变。否则他就做不下去。新方案实行医药分开就能减少药品费用吗?目前医生开药取决下列几个因素:病情;制药公司药品回 扣;病人经济状况;医生道德水平;医生医疗水平;医生所在医院药品管理状况等。前二个因素最重要。有一些国产抗生素回扣已达30%以上。此外,医院的一些医用材料如心脏支 架,膝关节等回扣惊人。新政策取消了医院药品加价,医院已无过度用药的欲望,但由于回扣没取消,医生的过度用药的欲望还在。以前院长们还管管药品回扣的问题,上级卫生管理 部门也有药品收入比例要求。新方案让院长们对医生过度用药处于无所谓的态度,有可能整个社会药费还会上涨。近几天医药股都看涨啊。药厂总有办法把药价定高,一种药价格定低 了,它就改名改剂型再申报。
把医生拿回扣定为受贿抓起来行不行?也不行。有水平医生都抓完了,大家只能到监狱看医生了。鼓励有责任资本进入医疗领域,改变目前公立医院垄断的状况应该去探索。垄断总是 要形成以垄断者利益为中心局面的。在决策医改政策时,决策者是否有过于把自已当病人的倾向而忽略一些理性基本原则。医疗是特殊服务业,服务业有竞争才有进步。国家的投入在 农村是非常必要的。对中心城市大医院投入,可能会让我们这些院长们以提高医疗水平为名去购买超越社会经济水平的世界最先进的医疗设备,让看病更贵。
我是乡镇卫生院的医生,长期以来求诊于我的病人很多,除了服务态度好及医疗水平外,很重要的是开行之有效的低价药及减少不必要的检查,让医疗费用便宜。后来由于医院处于自 付盈亏,连基本工资均无法全发,就彩用浮动工资改革,按每人创收的金额来定发给个人工资的百分之几。结果我为了要获得全额工资,以养活一家老少,就全盘改变我长期来的工作 方法,转为开高价药及多做检查,医药费用大为提高。现在出台的新医改方案,如能实现,能保证我们基层医务人员的基本工资,我就可以恢复到以前很受群众欢迎的花少钱医好病的 工作方法了。
“医院要通过创收来养活自己这一条改不了,其他的说一百遍都是没有用的,不说是8500个亿就是再加8500个亿也是白搭,哪一个医院不是追求医院利益最大化?这不是医院 心黑,是被逼无赖。公务员加工资国家给钱,医生加工资谁给钱?医院做大楼谁给钱?买设备谁给钱?只能是患者给钱,有些所谓的医改专家只会玩一些文字游戏其实根本就不知道下 面的行情,这些专家搞出来的医改方案怎么会成功?你想想看,三甲医院,二甲医院,还有其他等级的医院情况各不相同,要用同一个方案来搞定怎么可能?要想搞出好的方案必须把 不同等级的医院分开,三甲医院,二甲医院,国家补贴一部分自己创收一部分,社区和农村卫生院的医务人员的工资国家全给,药品要实行全国分等级医院来定价,社区和农村卫生院 实行零差价销售,这样才能解决老百姓看病难看病贵的问题,我觉得现在的新农合政策有引导农民进行医疗消费的嫌疑,并没有把医药费给降下来,老百姓原来100快可以看好的病 ,一看现在可以报销,如是再花200元,医院也高兴,但是老百姓反而多花了几白快,我在基础做了十来年的院长看着医改改不到点子上心里很着急,但是又没有人来听我们的意见 ,我还有好多的意见和建议没处讲就留在心里把。”
基层卫生院的医生在挣工资,二甲以上的医院的医生在挣奖金。
不解决药品中间的各种利益问题,医院就是药品零差价了,药费永远不会降,只要有利益让医生要开。
医保,合作医疗全覆盖了,但是医疗费用确上涨了。
我是一个基层卫生院的院长,我面对的都是农民,我没有多大的抱负,只想方案能让基层的医生能养家糊口,愿意在卫生院干一辈子。让广大农民群众身心健康。
医改如果不从医院入手整改,注定又是一场失败的改革。现在医院,特别是农村乡级医院,举个例子,本来患者花200元就能看好的病,到了医院却要花400甚至往上,假如国家 报200,请问农民得到实惠了吗?农民没有真正得到实惠,医院却得到了实惠。我了解了一下,医改前,农村基层一个护士每月除工资外奖金大概在200~300元之间(得确少 ),但现在一般都在1200~1500之间(好像也不多,有法活了),但和医改前却大大提高了,我不知道这些利润是如果产生的。
每种药品的定价机制很由奥妙之处,各省的物价部门都存在地方保护问题,如果同一类药品定价过低,就没有竞争力,没有市场,无法同其他省的同类竞争,影响到本省的经济利益,
省长大人要发怒的,应该实行全国统一定价,同时进一步了解价格构成,为什么零售价高过出厂价的数倍?省物价部门不知道吗?为什么定价时还还要给定的如此之高?所谓的质量层 次只是一个噱头,没有什么大的区别,因为首先要执行的国家的固定标准,所谓以质论价后,价格差别过大,
国家拿钱给老百姓买保险,而不能补贴医院。
根本出路在于引入市场竞争机制。
大量钱补贴公利医院不治本,好多被医院洗掉,根本到不了患者身上.。
基本结果是这样的:
好医生基本上都会去民营医院,那里挣钱多,待遇高
公立医院提供基本的医疗服务,感冒发烧什么的,开个药片,打个吊瓶,但是打吊瓶免费不免费,这个是个问题,如果完全免费,很多人会把这个当作营养品,没有病也来打。
公立医院的重点是传染病,防止传染病是公共产品,必须国家来提供。
遇到大病治疗,公立医院财力有限,不会提供治疗或者不会免费治疗。因为公立医院的服务态度不好(这是必然的结果,国家拿钱养他们,没有市场的压力),缺乏好医生,所以遇到 大病,患者恐怕大部分会去民营医院。
发达国家也都这样的情况。
那到民营医院看病的钱医保给付吗?要是都自付,多好的医生恐怕也付不起啊!我们还没有达到发达国家的生活水平。这样搞恐怕不行。还是需要国家支付大部分的医疗费用才行。民 营医院有几个不是向钱看的?去那看心里踏实吗?民营医院在中国毕竟不会是主体,只能是补充,毕竟是为少数人服务的医疗机构。
中央除了关心“看病难”“看病贵”还要更关注“医好病”!围绕有利于把病医好来制定医改,这才是长远的、最终的目标!
昨天一个熟人的老爸摔伤,进了医院就开始抢救,开颅15万就没了,不知道只有北京这样的高价,还是其他地方也这样?我怎么也想象不出来这个价格是怎么算出来的,是用了高精 的仪器,还是人工成本?有没有这方面的专家给解读一下?
强烈要求实行药品价格公开化,最大限度地减少药品经销中间环节,由国家药监局会同国家物价局及药品生产企业联合定价,将药品市场销售价格印在药品包装盒(瓶)上,销售企业 的利润由厂家或国家按比例返还。同意的顶一下!
对新方案不能报什么希望,主要问题有二:1.国家不投资,医院运营费用的90-95%靠自身解决,医院如果不考虑挣钱,如何生存?医院到那里挣钱啊?2.任何方案,如果没 有调动医疗技术人员的积极性,它如何执行啊?
总体不错,不过有的地方缺乏调查研究,有点儿脱离实际。主要是:药品采购怎么能全省统一呢?中国目前还没有一家这样大的配送公司,如果有了,也不现实。那12400家药品 批发企业怎么办?药品市场好不容易有点儿起色,比较规范了,这样一折腾,势必会再乱!!!
不取消或改变医院以经济指标为考核的任何相关内容和制度,医改必将难以成功!任何与经济效益挂钩的公益改革,有哪一个最后是社会满意的、群众满意的、政府满意的?
如此说,但不如此做,这种医改一定失败.社会公益,不是国家拿钱对看病人补贴,如此看病还是产业性质.而应当在某种程度上免费,才显示真正公平.
我们三十年,国家投资建了多少家医院,很少的.
现在看病无论如何改,其产业性质没变,而此性质不变,就不可能公平公正,那就不是社会公益.看病难,看病贵绝不能改变.
最简单的道理就是;无论给老百姓补发多少钱,人们始终向往最好的医疗效果.那么必然使医疗处于非理性的竟争,而真正的医疗本质就下降.这就是舍本求末的思维,所以必须改变 这种形式.国家应当将有限的资金多建好医院.在看病上取部分免费,(每个人才公平)医院才放下正常心理,恢复医德.
我是一位医院退休医生.不解决医务人员的工资收入问题,医疗改革不会成功.
强烈呼吁有良知的记者到江西永丰这样的地方暗访当地的医疗消费
医改不容易,出来就是进步.检验医改的标准,让大医院的病人少起来,让小医院的病人多起来.
医疗改革本人认为医保仅是一方面,配备好的人力和设备才是最重要的,为啥都去大医院呢,小医院没有好大夫,即使药费便宜点,但是呀好多时候不能准确诊断或检查出病人患的是 什么病,常乱治一通不见效果,所以每周应将大医院的医生分配到小医院座诊,这样既可培养一批好的人才,又可解决大医院看病多的问题,还可解决市面上小诊所恶意乱收费的问题 。
所有的难题都是信仰,与道德成本的问题
打破垄断,允许所有合法资本进入医疗行业,看病实行承包.
一个药店商人
保险是一种人的奢求吗?
2009年4月6日星期一
Farm Workers’ Rights, 70 Years Overdue
It is more than bank failures and rising unemployment that give these troubled times echoes of the 1930s. An unfinished labor battle from the New Deal is being waged again.
The goal is to win basic rights that farm and domestic workers were denied more than 70 years ago, when the Roosevelt administration won major reforms protecting other workers in areas like overtime and disability pay, days of rest and union organizing.
That inequality is a perverse holdover from the Jim Crow era. Segregationist Southern Democrats in Congress could not abide giving African-Americans, who then made up most of the farm and domestic labor force, an equal footing in the workplace with whites. President Roosevelt’s compromise simply wrote workers in those industries out of the New Deal.
这就是民主。美国的拉丁农民70年来都为获得合理的权力,如overtime and disability pay, days of rest and union organizing。但是,它却一直在进步
我提出了一党下的几权分立,但是中央一句话不就反了吗
失落的微观经济学
私人也可以买toxic asset?
Get In on the Bailout
为什么美国人辩论这么绅士
一、宪法及相关法律的规定
实验经济学的误解
得出的结论可能是,依情况而定,而且有边际作用。
刺激场:如税
人电子:电子的运动,人的买卖,人的消费,人的生产,人的投资
观察变量:这才是难点。有人用电脑模拟,不行。你看化学实验,用两种化学物质去做实验,用到了很多实验条件,器皿,酒精灯之类的,而这两种化学物质里包含了微粒子。你观察GDP吗?观察交易量,观察价格
如果国家间的合作和企业间的合作那么只讲利益
Time Is Short as U.S. Presses Pakistan, a Reluctant Ally
There have been at least a half-dozen reported courts-martial of soldiers who refused to fight, and the real number was probably larger, Professor Hussain said.
In Jhelum, a town 100 miles south of Islamabad and a place with a proud military history, one village had shown in the boldest terms the anger about the military fighting Muslims on Pakistani soil, said Enver Baig, a former senator with the Pakistan Peoples Party, who considers himself a pro-American politician.
When the body of a soldier killed in the tribal areas was taken home to his family last year, the father refused to accept his son’s coffin, Mr. Baig said.
Instead, the father took off his shoe and used it to slap the army officer who had escorted the body.
A month later, when another soldier’s body was delivered to the same village, the army left the body on the village outskirts, Mr. Baig said.
中国人是最支持自由市场分配资源的
Shorting Reason
animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism
2009年4月5日星期日
Google Should Offer to Buy Twitter for $1 Billion
1. Google needs a huge new growth engine and Twitter might just fit the bill. The current search product cycle is coming to an end. Google needs an "Office" to go with its "Windows." It hasn't found one yet. Twitter--and real-time search--could end up being a monster. If Google waits around to see whether it really WILL be a monster, Twitter will be a hell of a lot more expensive. Remember when Yahoo's Terry Semel whiffed on buying Google?
2. Twitter is a hell of a lot more relevant to Google's business than other big Google ideas, such as YouTube or Larry Page's plan to have Google solve the world's energy crisis (see his crazy talk of two years ago). Twitter is also about communications, which is the one part of the content-communications-and-commerce Internet tripod that Google is still weak in.
3. $1 billion is couch change for Google. Google generates $1 billion of cash every two months. If Twitter ends up being worth $0, as some people persist in thinking, Google can just say "oops" and take a minor write-off. If Twitter ends up being worth a lot more than $1 billion, however, as we and others think is likely, Google will make money. If it ends up being a monster, Google will make a lot of money.
4. Twitter could conceivably threaten Google's cash cow--search.This "real-time search" meme is actually a compelling story-line. If you want to know what people are talking about right now, you go to Twitter, not Google. Twitter hasn't figured out how to make bank off that yet, but it may well do so. Remember how much ridicule was heaped on Google's worthless "search engine" in the early days?
5. Like Google, Twitter is already a verb. What company do you know of that owns two verbs?
Would $1 billion be enough to get the Twitter boys to part with their baby? It might, actually. $1 billion is still a lot of money, especially for a company with no revenue. And Google's global distribution and technology infrastructure would be a help to Twitter. So they'd be silly not to take the offer seriousy.
停止自卑,开始怀疑
marketing to govt
G20\NATO
Larger Than Life in London 英国人表扬奥巴马夫妇,甚至有些崇拜,有些对英国做法的不屑
No Hurt Feelings in Germany 德国人表扬奥巴马
Liberty, Equality, Envy 法国人表扬奥巴马,甚至有些嫉妒
The Last European: Why the G-20 Was a Success
The managing director of the I.M.F. is very powerful, with a great deal of authority and discretion, and has always been a European — in effect, appointed by European governments to represent their interests. The G-20 made it clear that this will stop — the communiqué says the selection process will be open, transparent and competitive. But really this is code for saying they will pick someone from an emerging-market country, such as India orBrazil (and there are some excellent candidates). The right person in this jobcould have a huge positive effect on the I.M.F.’s legitimacy.
To make things matters more interesting, the I.M.F.’s managing director isexpected by insiders to resign within a year, to resume his (promising)pursuit of the French presidency. The leadership race for the next managing director effectively starts today; the stakes are high, and competition will be intense.
How did the Obama administration pull this off? In a brilliant move, they took the lead by volunteering to open up the selection process for the World Bank, the I.M.F.’s sister organization, which has always been run by an American. The next president of the World Bank is very likely to be Chinese.
美国反对建立跨国际的金融监管机构,特别是对hedge fund的监管。L.O.summers从hedge funds获得了几百万美金的报酬。
AP
Obama’s Big, Bold Bet
不是数学,是实验\试验!!!!
美国司法部
Rural China’s Hunger for Sons Fuels Traffic in Abducted Boys
Obama’s Farm Subsidy Cuts Meet Stiff Resistance
2009年4月4日星期六
you make me awesome,
中国政府官员的名义工资多么苍白
Hedge Fund Paid Summers $5.2 Million in Past Year
一、白宫有勇气披露官员的收入和财产,为什么中国不敢,因为中国的官员名义上不能够收那么钱的
二、如果把官员的工资抬高到很高的水平,因为人多,预算吃不消。更重要的是,他还是会贪污腐败。这就是中国的国情呀,你不改其他的,只是名义上的高薪,是不可能养廉的,还必须有分开的权力让民来告官,让管不去贪。改革是一个系统工程,而priority排在第一的是5权分离,当然是在我党执政的基础上的。
一党执政下的6权分立模型的建立
三、在党内分5块?分了怎么办?所以必须要有联邦制的形式来管理党。1/5的党员负责立法,1/5的党员负责行政,1/5的党员负责司法、执法,1/5的党员负责起诉,1/5负责联合。未入党的10亿人怎么办?他们可以告1/5的行政党员,他们可以申请入党,代替不好的党员。这就避免了两党换来换去的形式主义,以及政策的不持续。这样一来更是加强了我党的权力。5权全由我党把持。
怎样管理事业性单位?
一、人民不敢不会不愿去监督,监督也没用好啊,那个官不好,我就能把他拉下来吗?显然不能,1个是他有后台和关系,2个是即使我去告他,法院和他是一伙的。5权未分立嘛。
实证
一个中心、两个基本点
2009年4月3日星期五
一个社会到底需要把权力分为几块?
起诉权(律师)独立
what's going on?
Better Off Dead: A Q&A With the Author of The Tyranny of Dead Ideas
In his book The Tyranny of Dead Ideas: Letting Go of the Old Ways of Thinking to Unleash A New Prosperity, Matt Millerwrites that the country’s biggest problem right now isn’t the suffering economy, but a few outdated ideas that “prevent us from responding forcefully in this new situation to improve people’s lives.”
my biggest dead idea is i can do what i know how to do.
guan & min
你看,中国的一个省长的名义工资定的那么低,就知道这完全是错误的,错误的结果是:贪污腐败、消极罢工。一个省长,他的权力、责任何其大,何必给他那么一点工资呢?完全没有竞争力嘛
A Sin Tax on Video Games
宗教和道德在市场经济中的作用?
这时病人去告他,院长会把他开除吗?他担心院长不会开除他。
为什么市场经济会出现越来越大的企业,直至其破产,直至其too big to lose?
Greed and Stupidity
The greed narrative leads to the conclusion that government should aggressively restructure the financial sector. The stupidity narrative is suspicious of that sort of radicalism. We’d just be trading the hubris of Wall Street for the hubris of Washington. The stupidity narrative suggests we should preserve the essential market structures, but make them more transparent, straightforward and comprehensible. Instead of rushing off to nationalize the banks, we should nurture and recapitalize what’s left of functioning markets.
Both schools agree on one thing, however. Both believe that banks are too big. Bothnarratives suggest we should return to the day when banks were focused institutions — when savings banks, insurance companies, brokerages and investment banks lived separate lives.
在银行业、汽车行业等等,我们都可以看到一些非常大的企业,大到不能倒闭,这是市场的结果吗?回顾它们的成长历史,一部分是,一部分是政府的门槛。虽说市场奖励优秀,但是当一个优秀企业的管理层变换,或者变得大得无法管理的时候,就会败下来或者缩小规模。GM却一直大着。Google一直大着,windows一直大着。大道政府要告它垄断。如果说windows垄断地位的原因是其技术优势和市场策略,那么市场的垄断结果是因为技术优势造成的,不正是市场的初衷吗:奖励技术领先者。
The Wall Street Journal Survey of CEO Compensation

| The Wall Street Journal CEO Compensation Study was conducted by Hay Group, a management-consulting firm. The study analyzes CEO pay from the first 200 U. S. companies with fiscal year 2008 revenue of at least $5 billion that filed their proxy statements between October 2008 and March 2009. It will be updated as companies file new proxies. Survey Methodology & Terms Definitions Footnotes |
G20
The Art of Persuasion at the G-20 Summit
World Leaders Pledge $1.1 Trillion to Tackle Crisis
Obama's Star Turn at Summit Gets Mixed Results
China’s Dollar Trap
和他国进行货币互换,把美元换出去一点
Acconomics: american falls?
政府的功能可以这么分:
american falls?
经济学家不这么看,他们认为美国永远是中年,只不过现在世界上有了很多青年,美国的相对优势少了一些。
2009年4月2日星期四
guan
一、人民接受服务的时候付款,而不是现在的先收税,再提供服务,一手交钱一手交货的形式在市场上交易物品可以,但是在官和民上却又困难,比如说警察抓小偷。我说的可以有几个部门竞争相同的服务提供,教育部?民政部?工商局?卫生局?派出所?如果按现在的部门设置是不可能的,要重新按服务分才行。
2009年4月1日星期三
wikideas.cn
中央该重新引入三从四德式的道德教育吗?
ppp违背了马克思经济学的价值观了吗?
saving $1 in environmental damage is worth much greater costs incurred along other dimensions?
美国的政治家,被华尔街绑架
Question: Sir, I don’t get it. Why is the Prez & Geithner going after the auto industry with hammer and tongs (at least they create a product and jobs) while at the same time they are having a love-fest for the Wall Street (a non-producer)?
I am a 34 year teacher of econ and govt.
Thank you for your response








