2009年5月14日星期四
2009年4月1日星期三
wikideas.cn
2009年2月22日星期日
2009年2月21日星期六
2009年2月20日星期五
税
税和绩效有关吗?税和竞争力有关吗?
税
按行业分
按不同的公司分
The central difference between the models is whether the competition is between conduit entities that must compete for funds or is between the ultimate investors themselves. When the competition is between conduits that raise the funds to invest, competitiveness neutrality requires that the tax cost of the investment be the same across entities. In contrast, when the competition is between investors who invest their own money, then neutrality does not require that the tax cost be equal across the investors. Instead, when investors are investing their own money, competitiveness neutrality requires only that tax incentives have the same dollar value for all competitors.
When analyzing tax policy, the choice of model can lead to different prescriptions. When the competition is among conduits, the conduit through which the tax burden is lowest has a competitiveness advantage. Thus, competitiveness neutrality requires that the tax cost of funds
to all conduits is equal. In contrast, when the competition is among investors, a difference in tax
burdens generally does not affect competitiveness. That is because the benefit of a low tax rate is
the same on the candidate and alternative investments.
If funding is coming from outside sources, then the conduit model is appropriate. In contrast, if
funding is coming from the investor directly, then the investor model is appropriate.
A. The Conduit (or New Money) Model
Consider a simple example. Andrew is looking to invest $1000 in a project that will pay
$1100 in one year. Andrew can make the investment through either one of two entities. If he
makes the investment through entity A, he will pay tax on his income from the project at 20
percent; if he makes the investment through entity B, he will be taxed at 40 percent. Obviously, assuming all else were equal, Andrew will choose entity A, which will leave him with $1080,over entity B, which will leave him with only $1060.In this situation, where an investor is choosing between conduits, the investor would prefer to invest through the conduit that minimizes taxes. Of course, there might be other, non-tax reasons that would cause an investor not to use the most tax-efficient vehicle. However,looked at solely from a tax perspective, we would expect the investor to choose the vehicle that minimizes taxes.
I use the term conduit to mean an investment vehicle rather than the ultimate investor.
Specifically, I am not using the term conduit, as it is often used in the tax literature, as a synonym
for an investment entity that is not obligated to pay taxes itself. I refer to an entity that does not
have an obligation to pay tax on its own behalf as a pass-through entity
B. The Investor (or Old Money) Model
Returning to the example, assume that Andrew will be taxed at 20 percent if he makes the
investment. Consider a second potential investor, Betty, who is also looking at the same 22
investment. Betty is taxed at 40 percent. Assume further that there is only one unit of the 23
investment available and that the unit cannot be divided. If Andrew acquires the investment for
$1000, he will end up with $1080 after paying taxes; if Betty acquires the investment for $1000,
she will end up with $1060 after paying taxes.
It might be thought that Betty is at a tax-induced competitiveness disadvantage relative to
Andrew because she is taxed at a higher rate (40 percent as opposed to 20 percent). After all,
Andrew ends up with $1080, whereas Betty ends up with only $1060 from that same investment.
Furthermore, it is often implicitly assumed, and sometimes explicitly stated, that Andrew will
outbid Betty because he ends up with more than she does after paying taxes. That, however, does
not follow.
【Taxes and Competitiveness,Michael S. Knoll,University of Pennsylvania】不好实证
按税种分 直接和流转
按税制要素 如所得税,抵扣项问题。债务利息支出可以抵扣,股利分配支出不可以抵扣,影响企业行为。
按时间分
影响
分类标准:容易实证
企业绩效
企业竞争力
当然是假设其他条件不变,但是如果税只能和另外一个因素结合才能产生明显效果时,这种实证方法就不好了。
税收组合影响法 那税和其他什么因素组合可以产生明显效果呢?税收征收的严格性,政府办公的公正性,经济环境,特别是外部需求状况,信贷环境,行业竞争程度,投资者个性
2009年2月19日星期四
显而易见
2009年2月18日星期三
税收政策
什么人该交税,交多少税,为什么交税。美国的每种税都是确定了使用途径了的。
联系倒我的论文。什么行业需要交税,交多少税,何时交,怎么交,税收对行业特征由什么影响,对企业绩效由什么影响。延伸一点,可以设置税收政策使企业绩效最大化吗?
按税种
直接税,比如说所得税,是否影响呢?一方面可能吓退行业中的企业,另一个方面可以阻碍潜在进入行业的企业。这两个力量的冲突,会造成什么影响呢?当然,我们提出的假设是,企业越多,合理竞争越激烈,现存企业绩效更好,行业特征更鲜明
间接税,如增值税,是否影响呢?
按税收要素
交多少税合适呢,有没有最优的税后区间? 税收多少是否影响去税利润率
何时交税对企业最好呢?等企业由现金流?信息不对称
设置税收政策,如先征后根据情况退,是否影响绩效。幸福学。
累进税制的影响,由平均转为累进是否影响
税率
抵扣项目 税基 免税 不交税 等技术方面的东西,是否影响。
征税方式